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Strength and uncertainty of phytoplankton metrics for assessing eutrophication impacts in lakes

  • WATER BODIES IN EUROPE
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Abstract

Phytoplankton constitutes a diverse array of short-lived organisms which derive their nutrients from the water column of lakes. These features make this community the most direct and earliest indicator of the impacts of changing nutrient conditions on lake ecosystems. It also makes them particularly suitable for measuring the success of restoration measures following reductions in nutrient loads. This paper integrates a large volume of work on a number of measures, or metrics, developed for using phytoplankton to assess the ecological status of European lakes, as required for the Water Framework Directive. It assesses the indicator strength of these metrics, specifically in relation to representing the impacts of eutrophication. It also examines how these measures vary naturally at different locations within a lake, as well as between lakes, and how much variability is associated with different replicate samples, different months within a year and between years. On the basis of this analysis, three of the strongest metrics (chlorophyll-a, phytoplankton trophic index (PTI), and cyanobacterial biovolume) are recommended for use as robust measures for assessing the ecological quality of lakes in relation to nutrient-enrichment pressures and a minimum recommended sampling frequency is provided for these three metrics.

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Acknowledgments

This paper is a result of the project WISER (Water bodies in Europe: Integrative Systems to assess Ecological status and Recovery) funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme, Theme 6 (Environment including Climate Change) (contract No. 226273). We would like to thank all the phytoplankton counters and national data providers. These include (figures in brackets give the number of WBs): Phytoplankton counters (WISER field exercise): Martina Austoni, Bill Brierley, Tatiana Caraballo, Laurence Carvalho, Jordi Catalan, Caridad de Hoyos, Mitzi De Ville, Stina Drakare, Roser Farrés, Rene Groben, Camilla Hagman, Gina Henderson, Reija Jokipii, Christophe Laplace-Treyture, Kairi Maileht, Maria Antonietta Mariani, Ute Mischke, Ana Negro, Maija Niemelä, Pierisa Panzani, Agnieszka Pasztaleniec, Malgorzata Poniewozik, Sarah Pritchard, Aimar Rakko, Birger Skjelbred, Annette Tworeck, Tomasa Virdis. Data providers: Mediterranean GIG (Data manager: Caridad de Hoyos, CEDEX-CEH): Cyprus: Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Water Development Department (MANRE-WDD); France: water agencies and Institut national de recherche en sciences et rechnologies pour l′environnement et l′agriculture (Irstea); Greece: Maria Moustaka, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Italy: Università degli Studi di Sassari. Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, Ecologiche e Geologiche (DiSBEG); Portugal: Instituto da Água, I.P. (INAG); Spain: Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Estudios Hidrográficos (CEDEX-CEH). Central-Baltic GIG (Data manager: Ute Mischke, IGB): Belgium: Jeroen Van Wichelen, Ghent University (UGENT); Denmark: National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus; Estonia: Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU) gathered for the state monitoring programme supported by the Estonian Ministry of Environment; France: water agencies and Institut national de recherche en sciences et rechnologies pour l′environnement et l′agriculture (Irstea); Germany: Data from German lakes were provided by the following institutions of the German Federal States: Landesamt für Umwelt, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz Brandenburg (LUGV; 127), Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (MLUV, Seenprogramm, 65), Landesbetrieb für Hochwasserschutz und Wasserwirtschaft Sachsen-Anhalt (LHW), Landesamt für Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und ländliche Räume Schleswig–Holstein (LLUR), Senatsverwaltung für Gesundheit, Soziales und Verbraucherschutz Berlin (SenGUV), Niedersächsische Landesbetrieb für Wasserwirtschaft, Küsten-und Naturschutz (NLWKN, Sulingen); Latvia: Sandra Poikane, Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre; Lithuania—EPA Lithuania; Netherlands: Rijkswaterstaat (RWS); Poland: Data were provided partly by the Institute of Environmental Protection—National Research Institute. The Inspection for Environmental Protection provided data obtained within the framework of state environmental monitoring; United Kingdom—Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) and the Environment Agency for England & Wales (EA). Eastern-Continental GIG (Data manager: Gabor Borics, CER): Hungary: Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Romania: Ministeriul Meduli şi Pădurilor (MMP). Northern GIG (Data manager: Geoff Phillips, EA): Finland: Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE); Ireland: Environment Protection Agency (EPA); Norway: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA); Sweden: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU); United Kingdom—Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) and the Environment Agency for England & Wales (EA).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, Midlothian, UK

    L. Carvalho, B. J. Dudley & C. McDonald

  2. Institute for Environment & Sustainability, EC Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy

    S. Poikane

  3. Norsk Institutt for Vannforskning (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo, 0349, Norway

    A. Lyche Solheim, J. Moe & B. Skjelbred

  4. Environment Agency, Kings Meadow House, Kings Meadow Road, Reading, RG1 8DQ, UK

    G. Phillips

  5. Department of Tisza Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 18/c. Bem square, Debrecen, 4026, Hungary

    G. Borics

  6. Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Accés Cala St. Francesc 14, 17300, Blanes, Spain

    J. Catalan

  7. Centro de Estudios Hidrográficos del CEDEX, PO Bajo de la Virgen del Puerto, 3, 28005, Madrid, Spain

    C. De Hoyos

  8. Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden

    S. Drakare

  9. Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), The Jyväskylä Office, Survontie 9, 40500, Jyväskylä, Finland

    M. Järvinen

  10. Irstea, UR REBX, 50 Avenue de Verdun, 33612, Cestas Cedex, France

    C. Laplace-Treyture

  11. Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Limnology, 61117 Rannu Parish, Tartu County, Estonia

    K. Maileht, P. Nõges, T. Nõges & I. Ott

  12. Department of Shallow Lakes and Lowland Rivers, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Justus-von-Liebig-Str. 7, 12489, Berlin, Germany

    U. Mischke

  13. CNR Institute for Ecosystems Study, Largo V. Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania Pallanza, Italy

    G. Morabito

  14. Institute of Environmental Protection-National Research Institute, 01-692 Warszawa, Kolektorska 4, Poland

    A. Pasztaleniec

  15. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK

    S. J. Thackeray

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  1. L. Carvalho
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  2. S. Poikane
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  3. A. Lyche Solheim
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  4. G. Phillips
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  6. J. Catalan
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  7. C. De Hoyos
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  9. B. J. Dudley
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  10. M. Järvinen
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  11. C. Laplace-Treyture
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  12. K. Maileht
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  13. C. McDonald
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  14. U. Mischke
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  15. J. Moe
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  16. G. Morabito
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  17. P. Nõges
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  18. T. Nõges
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  19. I. Ott
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  20. A. Pasztaleniec
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  21. B. Skjelbred
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  22. S. J. Thackeray
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Correspondence to L. Carvalho.

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Guest editors: C. K. Feld, A. Borja, L. Carvalho & D. Hering / Water bodies in Europe: integrative systems to assess ecological status and recovery

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Carvalho, L., Poikane, S., Lyche Solheim, A. et al. Strength and uncertainty of phytoplankton metrics for assessing eutrophication impacts in lakes. Hydrobiologia 704, 127–140 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1344-1

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